Machine Learning

Multivariate Linear Regression[Case Study]

Learn To Make Prediction By Using Multiple Variables

Introduction :

The goal of the blogpost is to equip beginners with basics of Linear Regression algorithm having multiple features and quickly help them to build their first model. This is also known as multivariable Linear Regression. We will mainly focus on the modeling side of it . The data cleaning and preprocessing parts would be covered in detail in an upcoming post.

A multivariable model can be thought of as a model in which multiple variables are found on the right side of the model equation. This type of statistical model can be used to attempt to assess the relationship between a number of variables. A simple linear regression model has a continuous outcome and one predictor, whereas a multiple or multivariable linear regression model has a continuous outcome and multiple predictors (continuous or categorical). A simple linear regression model would have the form

y=α + xβ + ε

a multivariable or multiple linear regression model would take the form.

y= α + x1 β1 + x2 β2 +… + xk βk + ε

where y is a continuous dependent variable, x is a single predictor in the simple regression model, and x1, x2, …, xk are the predictors in the multivariable model.
 
In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and what is estimated.
Multivariable linear regression can can model more complex relationship which comes from various features together. They should be used in cases where one particular variable is not evident enough to map the relationship between the independent and  the dependent variable.

Let’s work on a case study to understand this better.

Problem Statement :

To predict the relative performance of a computer hardware given other associated attributes of the hardware.

Data details

Computer Hardware dataset
===========================

URL : https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Computer+Hardware

  1. Title: Relative CPU Performance Data2. Source Information
    — Creators: Phillip Ein-Dor and Jacob Feldmesser
    — Ein-Dor: Faculty of Management; Tel Aviv University; Ramat-Aviv;
    Tel Aviv, 69978; Israel
    — Donor: David W. Aha (aha@ics.uci.edu) (714) 856-8779
    — Date: October, 19873. Past Usage:
    1. Ein-Dor and Feldmesser (CACM 4/87, pp 308-317)
    — Results:
    — linear regression prediction of relative cpu performance
    — Recorded 34% average deviation from actual values
    2. Kibler,D. & Aha,D. (1988).  Instance-Based Prediction of
    Real-Valued Attributes.  In Proceedings of the CSCSI (Canadian
    AI) Conference.
    — Results:
    — instance-based prediction of relative cpu performance
    — similar results; no transformations required
    – Predicted attribute: cpu relative performance (numeric)4. Relevant Information:
    — The estimated relative performance values were estimated by the authors
    using a linear regression method.  See their article (pp 308-313) for
    more details on how the relative performance values were set.5. Number of Instances: 2096. Number of Attributes: 10 (6 predictive attributes, 2 non-predictive,
    1 goal field, and the linear regression guess)7. Attribute Information:
    1. vendor name: 30
    (adviser, amdahl,apollo, basf, bti, burroughs, c.r.d, cambex, cdc, dec,
    dg, formation, four-phase, gould, honeywell, hp, ibm, ipl, magnuson,
    microdata, nas, ncr, nixdorf, perkin-elmer, prime, siemens, sperry,
    sratus, wang)
    2. Model Name: many unique symbols
    3. MYCT: machine cycle time in nanoseconds (integer)
    4. MMIN: minimum main memory in kilobytes (integer)
    5. MMAX: maximum main memory in kilobytes (integer)
    6. CACH: cache memory in kilobytes (integer)
    7. CHMIN: minimum channels in units (integer)
    8. CHMAX: maximum channels in units (integer)
    9. PRP: published relative performance (integer)
    10. ERP: estimated relative performance from the original article (integer)8. Missing Attribute Values: None9. Class Distribution: the class value (PRP) is continuously valued.
    PRP Value Range:   Number of Instances in Range:
    0-20               31
    21-100             121
    101-200            27
    201-300            13
    301-400            7
    401-500            4
    501-600            2
    above 600          4Summary Statistics:
    Min  Max   Mean    SD      PRP Correlation
    MCYT:   17   1500  203.8   260.3   -0.3071
    MMIN:   64   32000 2868.0  3878.7   0.7949
    MMAX:   64   64000 11796.1 11726.6  0.8630
    CACH:   0    256   25.2    40.6     0.6626
    CHMIN:  0    52    4.7     6.8      0.6089
    CHMAX:  0    176   18.2    26.0     0.6052
    PRP:    6    1150  105.6   160.8    1.0000
    ERP:   15    1238  99.3    154.8    0.9665

Tools used :

Pandas , Numpy , Matplotlib , scikit-learn

Python Implementation with code :

Import necessary libraries

Import the necessary modules from specific libraries.

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
from sklearn import linear_model

Load the data set
Use pandas module to read the taxi data from the file system. Check few records of the dataset.

names = ['VENDOR','MODEL_NAME','MYCT', 'MMIN', 'MMAX', 'CACH', 'CHMIN', 'CHMAX', 'PRP', 'ERP' ];
data = pd.read_csv('data/computer-hardware/machine.data',names=names)
data.head()
VENDOR                MODEL_NAME       MYCT      MMIN      MMAX     CACH      CHMIN    CHMAX   PRP         ERP

0              adviser   32/60       125          256          6000        256          16            128          198          199

1              amdahl   470v/7     29            8000        32000      32            8              32            269          253

2              amdahl   470v/7a   29            8000        32000      32            8              32            220          253

3              amdahl   470v/7b   29            8000        32000      32            8              32            172          253

4              amdahl   470v/7c   29            8000        16000      32            8              16            132          132



Feature Selection :

Let’s select only the numerical fields for model fitting.
 

data.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 209 entries, 0 to 208
Data columns (total 10 columns):
VENDOR        209 non-null object
MODEL_NAME    209 non-null object
MYCT          209 non-null int64
MMIN          209 non-null int64
MMAX          209 non-null int64
CACH          209 non-null int64
CHMIN         209 non-null int64
CHMAX         209 non-null int64
PRP           209 non-null int64
ERP           209 non-null int64
dtypes: int64(8), object(2)



 

We can see that barring first two variables rest of them are numeric in nature. Let’s only pick the numeric fields.

categorical_ = data.iloc[:,:2]
numerical_ = data.iloc[:,2:]
numerical_.head()
MYCT      MMIN      MMAX     CACH      CHMIN    CHMAX   PRP         ERP

0              125          256          6000        256          16            128          198          199

1              29            8000        32000      32            8              32            269          253

2              29            8000        32000      32            8              32            220          253

3              29            8000        32000      32            8              32            172          253

4              29            8000        16000      32            8              16            132          132

 

Select the predictor and target variables

X = data.iloc[:,:-1]
y = data.iloc[:,-1]

Train test split :

x_training_set, x_test_set, y_training_set, y_test_set = train_test_split(X,y,test_size=0.10,
random_state=42,
shuffle=True)


Normalize the data :

 
Before we do the fitting , let’s normalize the data so that the data is centered around the mean and has unit standard deviation.

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scaler = StandardScaler()
# Fit on training set only.
scaler.fit(x_training_set)

# Apply transform to both the training set and the test set.
x_training_set = scaler.transform(x_training_set)
x_test_set = scaler.transform(x_test_set)

 

y_training_set = y_training_set.values.reshape(-1, 1)
y_test_set  = y_test_set.values.reshape(-1, 1)
y_scaler = StandardScaler()
# Fit on training set only.
y_scaler.fit(y_training_set)
# Apply transform to both the training set and the test set.
y_training_set = y_scaler.transform(y_training_set)
y_test_set = y_scaler.transform(y_test_set)


Training / model fitting :

Fit the model to selected supervised data

model = linear_model.LinearRegression()
model.fit(x_training_set,y_training_set)

Model parameters study :
The coefficient R^2 is defined as (1 – u/v), where u is the residual sum of squares ((y_true – y_pred) ** 2).sum() and v is the total sum of squares ((y_true – y_true.mean()) ** 2).sum().

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score
model_score = model.score(x_training_set,y_training_set)
# Have a look at R sq to give an idea of the fit ,
# Explained variance score: 1 is perfect prediction
print(“ coefficient of determination R^2 of the prediction.: ',model_score)
y_predicted = model.predict(x_test_set)
# The mean squared error
print("Mean squared error: %.2f"% mean_squared_error(y_test_set, y_predicted))
# Explained variance score: 1 is perfect prediction
print('Test Variance score: %.2f' % r2_score(y_test_set, y_predicted))

Coefficient of determination R^2 of the prediction :  0.9583846753218253
Mean squared error: 0.39
Test Variance score: 0.93



Accuracy report with test data :

Let’s visualise the goodness of the fit with the predictions being visualised by a line

# So let's run the model against the test data
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_predict
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.scatter(y_test_set, y_predicted, edgecolors=(0, 0, 0))

ax.plot([y_test_set.min(), y_test_set.max()], [y_test_set.min(), y_test_set.max()], 'k--', lw=4)

ax.set_xlabel('Actual')

ax.set_ylabel('Predicted')

ax.set_title("Ground Truth vs Predicted")

plt.show()



Conclusion :

We can see that our R2 score and MSE are both very good. This means that we have found a best fitting model to predict the median price value of a house. There can be further improvement to the metric by doing some preprocessing before fitting the data. However the task for the post was to provide you sufficient knowledge to implement your first model. You can build over the existing pipeline and report your accuracies.

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